However, the fabrication of these complex 3D structures requires stringent process control, and scalability is challenging. For example, artificial three-dimensional (3D) metamaterials have been produced based on chiral L-shaped 22, helical 20, 24, 25, 26, and spiral 21 nanostructures to differentiate the handedness of CPL. Compared with organic chiral molecules, nanostructure-based devices generally exhibit superior stability in ambient conditions, fast response time, and high fidelity. Recent developments in nanotechnology and nanophotonics have enabled ultracompact solid-state CPL detection 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 (see Supplementary Table S1). Organic chiral molecules have been proposed for miniaturization of CPL detection devices, such as liquid crystals (LCs) 9, 10, chiral dyes 11, and helicene-based chiral semiconductor transistors 12. Traditionally, CP light detection requires multiple bulky optical elements such as polarizers, waveplates, and mechanically rotating components 8, which poses fundamental limitations for device miniaturization, robust system integration, and high-speed operation. With the advantages of easy on-chip integration, ultracompact footprints, scalability, and broad wavelength coverage, our designs hold great promise for facilitating chip-integrated polarimeters and polarimetric imaging systems for quantum-based optical computing and information processing, circular dichroism spectroscopy, biomedical diagnosis, and remote sensing applications.Ĭircularly polarized light (CPL) has been widely used in quantum communication 1, quantum computing 2, 3, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy 4, and polarimetric imaging and sensing 5, 6, 7. We also monolithically integrated the microscale circular polarization filters with linear polarization filters to perform full-Stokes polarimetric measurements of light with arbitrary polarization states. We experimentally demonstrated submicron-thick circularly polarized light filters with peak extinction ratios up to 35 and maximum transmission efficiencies close to 80% at near-infrared wavelengths (the best operational wavelengths can be engineered in the range of 1.3–1.6 µm). Herein, we report bioinspired chiral metasurfaces with both strong chiral optical effects and low insertion loss. Chiral metamaterials and metasurfaces facilitate ultracompact devices for circularly polarized light generation, manipulation, and detection. doi: 10.1038/064577e0.The manipulation and characterization of light polarization states are essential for many applications in quantum communication and computing, spectroscopy, bioinspired navigation, and imaging. "On the Magnetic Rotation of Light and the Second Law of Thermo-Dynamics". "Faraday Isolators and Kirchhoff's Law: A Puzzle" (PDF). For a polarization dependent isolator, the angle between the polarizer and the analyzer, β : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) Since the polarizer is vertically aligned, the light will be extinguished.įigure 2 shows a Faraday rotator with an input polarizer, and an output analyzer. This means the light is polarized horizontally (the direction of rotation is not sensitive to the direction of propagation). The Faraday rotator will again rotate the polarization by 45°. Light traveling in the backward direction becomes polarized at 45° by the analyzer. The analyzer then enables the light to be transmitted through the isolator. The Faraday rotator will rotate the polarization by 45°. Light traveling in the forward direction becomes polarized vertically by the input polarizer. The polarization dependent isolator, or Faraday isolator, is made of three parts, an input polarizer (polarized vertically), a Faraday rotator, and an output polarizer, called an analyzer (polarized at 45°). It is made of three parts, an input polarizer, a Faraday rotator and an analyzer. Figure 2: Faraday isolator allows the transmission of light in only one direction.
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